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Requirements: 100M new URLs/month, 10:1 read/write, short links never expire.
Key design: base62 IDs from a counter (or pre-generated key ranges per server), not hashes, so there are no collisions.
Storage: key-value store; ~6 TB over 5 years.
Reads: cache hot links (Redis), 301 vs 302 depending on whether you need click analytics.
State assumptions out loud; the interviewer cares about trade-offs, not the "right" answer.
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